The tweet/paper co-author posted the paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188) yesterday on HN (https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34596187) and ironically the top comment there is referencing to this exact tweet thread (which was posted yesterday as well). Evidence for the metacircular evaluation of HN comments? I think the paper is well worth the read, it's not particularly long (much is references and appendices), and nicely written, with at least a quick bit on most things I would think to test as part of something like this. Good stuff.
Extracting Training Data from Diffusion Models
Nicholas Carlini, Jamie Hayes, Milad Nasr
Show all 9 authors
Matthew Jagielski, Vikash Sehwag, Florian Tramèr, Borja Balle, Daphne Ippolito, Eric Wallace
2023 · arXiv
- HN score
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- 15
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- 7
From the abstract
Image diffusion models such as DALL-E 2, Imagen, and Stable Diffusion have attracted significant attention due to their ability to generate high-quality synthetic images. In this work, we show that diffusion models memorize individual images from their training data and emit them at generation time. With a generate-and-filter pipeline, we extract over a thousand training examples from state-of-the-art models, ranging from photographs of individual people to trademarked company logos. We also train hundreds of diffusion models in various settings to analyze how different modeling and data decisions affect privacy. Overall, our results show that diffusion models are much less private than prior generative models such as GANs, and that mitigating these vulnerabilities may require new advances in privacy-preserving training.
Metadata: arXiv. Abstracts retain their original authors’ rights.
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Original HN comments, with labels from simple text rules. A label describes the whole comment and may miss context or irony. Read the discussion to make up your own mind. About the labels
15 selected excerpts · 15 total mentions
Then they should easily fall within the regulation section posted earlier. If you cannot see the difference between BitTorrent and Ai models, then it's probably not worth engaging with you. But Ai model have been shown to reproduce the training data https://gizmodo.com/ai-art-generators-ai-copyright-stable-di... https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188
If 1 in 1,000 generations will randomly produce memorized CSAM that slipped into the training set then yeah, it's pretty damn unsafe to use. Producing memorized images has precedent[0]. Is it unlikely? Sure, but worth validating. [0] https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188
Commercial musicians do not? You sure about that? Entire legal firm empires have been built on the licensing, negotiations, and fees that make up the industry. I'm ain't talking about some dude on YouTube or Soundcloud. Few people care about some rando on Soundcloud. Those moles aren't big enough to whack. Vanilla Ice and MC Hammer were. OpenAI is as well. There's even a company that specializes in sample clearance: https://sampleclearance.com More info: https://www.soundonsound.com/sound-advice/sample-clearance Also: >not turned into a part of a pattern used to generate new sounds like what AI generators do with images This is demonstrably false. Multiple individuals have repeatedly been able to extract original images from AI generators. Here's one-- Extracting Training Data from Diffusion Models https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188 Text, too: https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.17035
> I don't think it's a coincidence that the paywalling of more and more sites came as GDPR and other data privacy regulations started to pop up Data protection regulations being the cause of paywalls seems a different theory than what you were previously suggesting. > all those captchas I'm being hit with these days tells me otherwise. Maybe it is possible, but perhaps too expensive. Captchas are generally to prevent spambots. CCBot/GPTBot crawlers identify themselves by their user-agent (so the server can just choose not to serve the content) and also respect robots.txt. > https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.13188.pdf (PDF warning). Apparently somewhere in the memory there is…
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those raw assets being stored for "reference". Stable Diffusion is ~4GB and trained on 5 billion images - for the most part it's not plausible for it to have stored the "raw assets". There is a real issue of overfitting on a subset of content that the model saw many times during training such that it was able to memorize details, but the model isn't retrieving the source material from some server to reference (that's known as retrieval augmented generation, which isn't used by default SD/GPT). Would also keep in mind that for papers like this, where they're generating hundreds of millions of images and digging into CLIP embeddings to construct prompts that intentionally recreate images, that there's some degree of similarity you'd expect just by the conditioning given, the large number of comparisons being automatically made, and coincidence - even had the model not seen the image in question. > Youtube screws its creators over backwards to prevent litigation over a very similar concept. Youtube makes the video available to the public. The Google Books analogy properly preserves the aspect that full works are stored but only small portions made available.
>Sites have been pushing towards "to continue reading, download our app" or "you've reached your free article limit, subscribe for just $X" for a long time, because it's profitable. I don't think there's sense in retroactively placing the blame for this behavior on crawlers And websites have been getting paid for a long time by selling user data (which again is only useful for human data, not robot data). I don't think it's a coincidence that the paywalling of more and more sites came as GDPR and other data privacy regulations started to pop up. Crawlers are one of those smaller symptoms that gets knocked out along the way as well. Can't make money one way, they switch to…
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another (even before taking the pandemic and interests rates into account). >Sites are capable of restricting GPTBot/CCBot/etc., or putting a rate limit on crawling, without impacting human readers. all those captchas I'm being hit with these days tells me otherwise. Maybe it is possible, but perhaps too expensive. Or the capthas themselves are great for training data. I don't know the real reason, but the internet has definitely become most hostile towards my human eyes in an attempt to curb bots. And the worst part is that it doesn't even entirely block out the bots. >The model isn't retrieving content from some storage server during inference if that's what you're thinking I don't admit to know the full details, but some exploits discovered lately seem to suggest that this isn't just "reading a page" and then moving on: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.13188.pdf (PDF warning). Apparently somewhere in the memory there is those raw assets being stored for "reference". Again, I don't know enough to debate on it, but I've seen enough pieces to be scrutinous of how the process currently works. Scraping is a gray area, but storing copyright data in your commercial product is a much harder issue to argue. Youtube screws its creators over backwards to prevent litigation over a very similar concept.
https://www.technologyreview.com/2023/02/03/1067786/ai-model... The approach I've seen is to prompt for people with unusual names, they're often be only a single source image in the input data set that gets reproduced by the AI. I've seen examples with the AI "generated" images and the source image side by side - I'll try and find them. EDIT: Link to the paper https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188 and this articles has the example images: https://www.theregister.com/2023/02/06/uh_oh_attackers_can_e... Look at the Ann Graham Lotz image and tell me that isn't the source image being reproduced in a lossy manner.
> Compression implies the input can be reconstructed from the output (lossy or not), in the case of these ml models the input is the training data and the output is the model. You can't reconstruct even a fraction of that training data using the model alone therefore it is not compression even in the most lossy sense. It's already proven that you can reconstruct at least a small fraction of the training set from diffusion models. It's something quite well known, so could we not die on this hill? [1] https://twitter.com/Eric_Wallace_/status/1620449942090420224 [2] The paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188 [3] Relevant HN thread: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=34596187
Most generative AI actually does have significant problems with the model copying the data into itself. Not literally - there isn't a bunch of model parameters that line up to the exact PNG bitstream of particular images. But courts wouldn't care as long as the model outputs something that looks "close enough", because the chain of provenance is clearly established from the training set, through gradient descent and the model weights, into the final output. There's a paper from Google and Princeton about regurgitation happening in Stable Diffusion and Imagen: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.13188.pdf OpenAI also had to spend a bunch of time on deduplicating an insanely large…
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dataset to prevent this from happening in DALL-E: https://openai.com/research/dall-e-2-pre-training-mitigation... I have no clue how they handled this in GPT-3 or -4. Given the amount of regurgitation found in Copilot I imagine there's lots of significant code fragments floating about nominally different projects that a deduplicator wouldn't match as identical.
Most current "AI" models essentially compress and then store the information, often to the point where training data can be extracted [1][2] [1]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2012.07805 [2]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188
My mistake! I mis-remembered the original Google paper[0], which stated only that the image was in the Stable Diffusion training set. The complete set of "matches" they got were interesting, even while the number was very low. 0. https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188
Every agent training the model on their proprietary data has to have access to the model form in some way (otherwise how would they train it?) For this reason, one must assume that the model form is known to the adversary. With this, the question becomes: is it possible to reconstruct training data from a trained model? We already know that, at least for some image models, the answer to that question is "yes": https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.13188.pdf
I agree with you that they have the capacity to remember an image - but they're not compressing them. That's a fundamentally different thing. The argument being made by that class action lawsuit is that "this thing can reproduce image X so it's a compression algorithm and nothing more", which they are predicating on an exercise that is sneaky and dishonest, and only likely to hold water with someone who has a limited understanding of the tech and isn't paying very close attention. I think it does go without saying that our legal system has made some pretty dumb decisions regarding tech in the past - we read here all the time about the patent system, which is damn close in…
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spirit to copyright. Again, yes, they can remember an image, but they are not remembering pixels, and it's not compression. The vectors you're referring to are not a smaller version of the data, nor are they a pixel representation or even a close derivative thereof. Sure, there's a connection between the latent space and the pixels, but I don't see how that's the same thing. For those following along, (1) is the best paper I could find talking about extracting images from SD. I'm open to more resources, and I'm even open to being convinced I'm wrong, but not by intentionally overtraining a model and calling it 'compression'. That's a lie. To take a step back here, is it really the incidental occasional regurgitating of an existing image that's got everyone on edge, or is that just an easier target than "this is disruptive so I want to make it go away"? I'm not saying it doesn't suck that this is gonna put a ton of people out of jobs; both my parents were professional photographers in the 80s. I get it. But like, let's talk about that. Not some orthogonal strawman. And hey, just to get it out there. We might disagree but I'm not calling you dumb. I do appreciate your willingness to engage an opposing view - it's part of what keeps me coming back to HN. 1 - https://arxiv.org/pdf/2301.13188.pdf
IANAL either, but there are attacks you can use to extract the original training data from the models: https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188. I’d guess these attacks will get better with time. So in some ways, you can argue that Stability is also directly redistributing the original images (albeit in a compressed format).
Sometimes, you're just wrong. "Image diffusion models such as DALL-E 2, Imagen, and Stable Diffusion have attracted significant attention due to their ability to generate high-quality synthetic images. In this work, we show that diffusion models memorize individual images from their training data and emit them at generation time. With a generate-and-filter pipeline, we extract over a thousand training examples from state-of-the-art models, ranging from photographs of individual people to trademarked company logos. We also train hundreds of diffusion models in various settings to analyze how different modeling and data decisions affect privacy. Overall, our results show that diffusion models are much less private than prior generative models such as GANs, and that mitigating these vulnerabilities may require new advances in privacy-preserving training. " https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.13188
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