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The Ghost in the Quantum Turing Machine

Scott Aaronson

2013 · arXiv

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2.5
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9
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7
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8
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From the abstract

In honor of Alan Turing's hundredth birthday, I unwisely set out some thoughts about one of Turing's obsessions throughout his life, the question of physics and free will. I focus relatively narrowly on a notion that I call "Knightian freedom": a certain kind of in-principle physical unpredictability that goes beyond probabilistic unpredictability. Other, more metaphysical aspects of free will I regard as possibly outside the scope of science. I examine a viewpoint, suggested independently by Carl Hoefer, Cristi Stoica, and even Turing himself, that tries to find scope for "freedom" in the universe's boundary conditions rather than in the dynamical laws. Taking this viewpoint seriously leads to many interesting conceptual problems. I investigate how far one can go toward solving those problems, and along the way, encounter (among other things) the No-Cloning Theorem, the measurement problem, decoherence, chaos, the arrow of time, the holographic principle, Newcomb's paradox, Boltzmann brains, algorithmic information theory, and the Common Prior Assumption. I also compare the viewpoint explored here to the more radical speculations of Roger Penrose. The result of all this is an unusual perspective on time, quantum mechanics, and causation, of which I myself remain skeptical, but which has several appealing features. Among other things, it suggests interesting empirical questions in neuroscience, physics, and cosmology; and takes a millennia-old philosophical debate into some underexplored territory.

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In the conversation

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9 selected excerpts · 9 total mentions

dumbo-octopus
Strong recommendation · rule
We do not agree, direction of causation is a matter of personal interpretation. And I'm not the only one who believes a reversal of order could be justified, Scott Aaronson's essay The Ghost in the Quantum Turing Machine^ goes into far more detail on the matter than I could hope to here. It's long but thorough - I highly recommend it if you have the time. To overly simplify it: imagine a piece of quantum state is not observed at any point between the universal T0 and TNow. Further, imagine a decision made at TNow is effectively a measurement of that state. There is absolutely 0 way to say that the state was "in" that configuration "before" your measurement, it is 100%…
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equally valid to say that your decision "caused" the state to assume that value, which would be interpreted as your choice causing a propagation backwards in time to the initial configuration. (The essay goes into more details around "No Hidden State" objections to this interpretation.) ^ https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0159
explaininjs
Neutral mention · rule
Scott Aaronson's "Ghost in the Quantum Turing Machine" tackled this question in a way I found enlightening. It's a bit of a dense read (I needed a plane trip to sit down and focus on it), but it presents a compelling case for the possible reversal of time arrows when it comes to the effects of quantum indeterminism on macro scale interactions. In short: what if humans, somehow, someway, have the ability to "influence" the resolution of unobserved universal start-state quantum noise in order to affect our "will" onto the universe? Furthermore, what experiments could be done to validate or invalidate aspects of this hypothesis? https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0159
yyyk
Neutral mention · rule
>In the most basic sense, to believe the mind a box that can output things not based on input is inherently to believe it "irrational" in the truest sense of the word. No, it believes that the mind has an internal state. We have many physical cases of state which is in practice undecidable. Moreover, in many formulation of quantum physics one can have a state which is unreachable even in theory (not just hidden variable style QM theory, there are ways to get unreachable state even in 'regular' QM[0]). >And if that's the case, the question is where does that irrationality come from? The universe itself. The linked PDF - you might be familiar with the author, he features often on HN - provides one method this is possible (though, I'm not saying this is true, I suspect it may not be). [0] https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0159
mathgenius
Neutral mention · rule
> Quantum mechanics can be simulated classically with an exponential slowdown. This is actually quite subtle. For example, I don't see how you can "simulate" bell non-locality. Is it even possible to define the word "simulate" here? The whole status of quantum randomness is unsettled, I don't think it can be settled, but anyway it is not as straightforward as you suggest. Scott Aaronson has a nice paper where he discusses related ideas: https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0159
JonnieCache
Neutral mention · rule
Yeah, if you liked diaspora then permutation city will have you picking your jaw up off the floor in a similar manner. Schild's Ladder is the third in the unofficial trilogy (he denies any connection, but I definitely reckon they form a nice trio) and it's pretty hardcore: lots of quantum mechanics and graph theory actually driving the plot. A fascinating thing about diaspora: if you read reviews of it, opinion is split between those who see it as a story about nerd-heaven, which to me is how egan wrote it, and those who see it as a dystopia, basically a vision of hell. Apparently to a lot of people, the book reads like pitch-dark satire. I'm guessing there aren't so many of those people here. EDIT: Bonus scott aaronson quantum conciousness essays! Wooooo! Egan fans will like these: http://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0159 http://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=1951
mathgenius
Neutral mention · rule
I suspect that, for many physicists, the de Broglie-Bohm medicine is worse than the disease itself. It reminds me of Scott Aaronson's work "The Ghost in the Quantum Turing Machine" [1] where he sets up the boundary conditions of the universe to somehow encode free-will. But then, even the author doesn't seem to want to take this medicine. [1] https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0159
Tyr42
Neutral mention · rule
Here's the paper he wrote on it, I think it'd be good to take a look at it directly. https://arxiv.org/abs/1306.0159 Scott is making a pair of claims: If it's possible to build a fast, noninvasive, perfect predictor then what more can science say to show that people don't have free will? If it's impossible to build such a predictor, for some fundamental reason, then what more can science say to show that free will exists.

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