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Google's Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System: Enabling Zero-Shot Translation

Melvin Johnson, Mike Schuster, Quoc V. Le

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Maxim Krikun, Yonghui Wu, Zhifeng Chen, Nikhil Thorat, Fernanda Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Greg Corrado, Macduff Hughes, Jeffrey Dean

2016 · arXiv

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From the abstract

We propose a simple solution to use a single Neural Machine Translation (NMT) model to translate between multiple languages. Our solution requires no change in the model architecture from our base system but instead introduces an artificial token at the beginning of the input sentence to specify the required target language. The rest of the model, which includes encoder, decoder and attention, remains unchanged and is shared across all languages. Using a shared wordpiece vocabulary, our approach enables Multilingual NMT using a single model without any increase in parameters, which is significantly simpler than previous proposals for Multilingual NMT. Our method often improves the translation quality of all involved language pairs, even while keeping the total number of model parameters constant. On the WMT'14 benchmarks, a single multilingual model achieves comparable performance for English$\rightarrow$French and surpasses state-of-the-art results for English$\rightarrow$German. Similarly, a single multilingual model surpasses state-of-the-art results for French$\rightarrow$English and German$\rightarrow$English on WMT'14 and WMT'15 benchmarks respectively. On production corpora, multilingual models of up to twelve language pairs allow for better translation of many individual pairs. In addition to improving the translation quality of language pairs that the model was trained with, our models can also learn to perform implicit bridging between language pairs never seen explicitly during training, showing that transfer learning and zero-shot translation is possible for neural translation. Finally, we show analyses that hints at a universal interlingua representation in our models and show some interesting examples when mixing languages.

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Original HN comments, with labels from simple text rules. A label describes the whole comment and may miss context or irony. Read the discussion to make up your own mind. About the labels

7 selected excerpts · 7 total mentions

YeGoblynQueenne
Neutral mention · rule
Yes, I know about GT's "interlingua". I've chosen my "swallow" example specifically to show that it's basically just a model of English. Which makes a lot of sense when you realise that all the languages in the language pairs that GT's interlingua covers will have many, many more texts going to and from English, than to and from any other language. Attempting to derive a many-to-many language model from an English-dominated corpus is very likely to lead to an intermediary model that is basically English-to-many. In fact, if you read the relevant paper [1] the dominance of English in tables etc jumps out at you. And if you look at how Google figured out its Neural Machine…
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Translation system has created an interlingua, that is ... visualisation. So it's not like they have some kind of principled way to demonstrate that this interlingua they advertise actually exists. They just look at some pretty images and interpret them to say that it does. Even this visual "evidence" as they call it, is from a many-to-many language model trained on Japanese, Korean and -you guessed it- English. __________________ [1] https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.04558v1.pdf
iraphael
Neutral mention · rule
[FLAGGED] This very misguided article seems to be a complete misunderstanding of two papers: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.05125 and https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04558 None of the dramatic claims have any basis in real science, or real world events (e.g.: "it prompted concerns we could lose control of AI"? I'm 100% certain this came from the author's imagination). This kind of AI apocalyptic alarmism with no real basis is the same kind that created the first AI winter, and the complete misinterpretation of research in popular culture. Unless there's a very deep layer of irony I'm not seeing, this article is not worth your click.
aspenmayer
Neutral mention · rule
I admittedly understand very little about ML and how Google is using it in Translate, but this seems relevant. In “Google’s Multilingual Neural Machine Translation System: Enabling Zero-Shot Translation”, we address this challenge by extending our previous GNMT system, allowing for a single system to translate between multiple languages. Our proposed architecture requires no change in the base GNMT system, but instead uses an additional “token” at the beginning of the input sentence to specify the required target language to translate to. In addition to improving translation quality, our method also enables “Zero-Shot Translation” — translation between language pairs never seen explicitly by the system. https://research.googleblog.com/2016/11/zero-shot-translatio... The related research paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04558
nl
Neutral mention · rule
Why do you say German is notoriously bad? I don't speak German, but that linked page reads fine to me, and their neural translation system has state-of-the-art performance for both English->German and German->English at least[1]. I would have thought that the well-structured nature of German makes it reasonably easy to translate, assuming you have a NN architecture with sufficient memory range. [1] https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04558
ma2rten
Neutral mention · rule
No offense, but this person has no idea what they are talking about. Google published a paper that explains exactly what they are doing and provides metrics as well [1,2]. It's true that neural networks can not be easily applied to natural languages, but there are less obvious ways of applying them (namely Embeddings, LSTMs, Attention) and provided you have enough data and computational resources they give so much better results than any other method that it doesn't even help anymore to combine them. [1] https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.08144 [2] https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04558 EDIT: I also don't want to give the impression that Deep Learning can solve every NLP problem. We…
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are still far away from passing the Turing test. It's true as well in my opinion that Google's Machine Translation is oversold. It's best at what it's trained and evaluated for: translating individual sentences from news sources. EDIT 2: There are some tasks where traditional methods can work better, e.g. text classification on long documents. That's mainly because deep learning methods are too expensive computationally.
vonnik
Neutral mention · rule
He makes a good point about continuous functions. But actually neural nets are quite good at handling discrete elements like words, likes, atoms in a molecule, etc. Deep learning is part of enormous advances in NLP[0], just as it has set records to accuracy in almost every field of machine perception, from vision to audio. Neural word embeddings like those produced by word2vec[1] make for very useful feature vectors when fed into other neural nets. The headline of this post should be that NLP is harder than, say, image processing. In fact, for non-specialists, none of it is easy, because tuning hyperparameters is hard. The kind of NLP that tries to reproduce human-level sentences and understanding is simply a more complex problem, given the plasticity of language. [0] https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04558 [1] https://deeplearning4j.org/word2vec
Smerity
Neutral mention · rule
Hey HN, I'm author of the article. If there's anything confusing, I'd be happy to help :) The GNMT architecture is likely to keep popping up in Google's papers due to the amount of engineering that's been dedicated to make it scale well. Other than chewing up massive machine translation datasets, from single to multiple language pairs, it's also been trained over the entirety of Reddit for a conversational model system. Just this week a new paper[1] was released using the GNMT architecture which teaches a machine translation system how to translate between language pairs it has never been taught before by using bridging from other language pair knowledge. It's all pretty fascinating stuff :) [1]: https://arxiv.org/abs/1611.04558

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