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Impact of genetically engineered maize on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits: a meta-analysis of 21 years of field data

Elisa Pellegrino, Stefano Bedini, Marco Nuti, Laura Ercoli

2018 · Scientific Reports

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From the abstract

Abstract Despite the extensive cultivation of genetically engineered (GE) maize and considerable number of scientific reports on its agro-environmental impact, the risks and benefits of GE maize are still being debated and concerns about safety remain. This meta-analysis aimed at increasing knowledge on agronomic, environmental and toxicological traits of GE maize by analyzing the peer-reviewed literature (from 1996 to 2016) on yield, grain quality, non-target organisms (NTOs), target organisms (TOs) and soil biomass decomposition. Results provided strong evidence that GE maize performed better than its near isogenic line: grain yield was 5.6 to 24.5% higher with lower concentrations of mycotoxins (−28.8%), fumonisin (−30.6%) and thricotecens (−36.5%). The NTOs analyzed were not affected by GE maize, except for Braconidae, represented by a parasitoid of European corn borer, the target of Lepidoptera active Bt maize. Biogeochemical cycle parameters such as lignin content in stalks and leaves did not vary, whereas biomass decomposition was higher in GE maize. The results support the cultivation of GE maize, mainly due to enhanced grain quality and reduction of human exposure to mycotoxins. Furthermore, the reduction of the parasitoid of the target and the lack of consistent effects on other NTOs are confirmed.

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In the conversation

Original HN comments, with labels from simple text rules. A label describes the whole comment and may miss context or irony. Read the discussion to make up your own mind. About the labels

4 selected excerpts · 4 total mentions

evgen
Neutral mention · rule
> The promises offered by GMO crops seem to almost always fizzle out a few years later, when the dependence on pesticides, herbicides, and GMO seeds increases and output decreases. Demonstrably false. > Where are the good examples of GMOs that: > - Continuously increase yields. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21284-2 > - Lower dependence on further artificial inputs. Herbicide resistant crops have led to significant growth of no-till agriculture, which lowers fuel usage and decreases the CO2 and NOX footprint for farming. Crops engineered to be resistant to insects have led to less pesticide usage and an increase in insect biodiversity. > - Don't contaminate…
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nearby crops. > (In historical cases, Monsanto has been given ownership of crops that their GMO crops have essentially raped through pollination). Falsehood that is easily disproven using the simple facts of the cases in question. They don't "contaminate" nearby crops. Their pollen may be carried elsewhere, but this has always been the case with plants and so far the anti-GMO factions have been unable to demonstrate an actual harm beyond their own paranoia. > In a world where not believing climate change will get you crucified in almost any public setting, why do intelligent people continue to let GMOs run rampant? Perhaps because they actually know how to evaluate scientific data while you seem to be getting your news and information from Greenpeace and other peddlers of bullshit. While some would like to claim scientists are being reckless in GMO usage and experimentation, they have actually be rather conservative and only focused on a few features and metabolic pathways. We are just starting to see products that move beyond the simple, low-hanging fruit of drought, disease, and insect resistance. Adding salinity resistance, tweaking photosynthesis pathways to be more efficient, and improving nutritional composition are starting to enter more widespread testing and experimentation. With the increased control that CRISPR offers there is going to be a lot more options available for improvement.
ChrisLomont
Neutral mention · rule
>when the only way to compete is with GMOs Already the case, and in the US many crops like corn are 92+% GMO, as selected by farmers during planting season. We can undo it, and we can also go back to a fraction of the current yield per acre and to people paying significantly more of their budget on food. We can price the poor even more out of getting enough food by making it all costlier. Food was around 25% of household spending in 1930 in the US. It's now around 7%. Corn yields were about 25 bushels/ac from as far back as we have data (1800's) till about 1940 when we started applying modern science, and is now around 160 bu/ac [1], an astounding ~7 fold difference. Most…
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crops saw similar gains. This has massive realworld implications on food. A significant part of that is due to GMOs [2] (note the study also demonstrates reduction in toxins since we can engineer more carefully for pesticides desired). Thankfully mankind has used tech to increase yields drastically, lowering cost, and thus freeing lots of money for other things like housing, medicine, entertainment, and social programs. >are we more likely to get - vitamin-enhanced rice, or vegetables that are as healthy and addictive as Twinkies? Once we reach that level of design, why would we not engineer all sorts of beneficial items in? Even now there's published evidence that GMOs are healthier for people than alternatives since it allows us to tailor which pesticides and how much we need to reach yields sufficient to feed the planet. >on food sovereignty be This has been one of the goofiest non-arguments ever. People keep claiming somehow no one will able to grow food - there's so many non-GMO places to get any seeds you like, and even many GMOs are off patent protection and fully able to be used as anyone likes. The most you can worry about is not having the latest 20 or so years of seeds. So for free all farmers and people are getting more seed options, not fewer. >it's much faster, and non-engineered life cannot keep up. There is no law of physics that cannot mutate things slowly or quickly, so this assumption that there is some magical limiting rate of evolution is also not science based. Things can wildly mutate in one generation, it's been seen, and things mutate when there's selection pressure. It's the case, for example in viruses, that they mutate faster to keep up with things we do to them. And the point is to beat things out that destroy crops, like rusts, disease, water shortages, etc. As global warming increases, there will be significant needs for more drought resistant crops, and GMO is delivering on that in a manner that no selective breeding can do quick enough. GMOs will likely save billions of lives in the coming decades. [1] https://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/timeless/YieldTren... [2] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21284-2
jbeales
Neutral mention · rule
The TL;DR: There are 2 types of GMO corn: Insect Resistant and Glyphosate Resistant, (Glyphosate is a herbicide, so it can be sprayed on fields killing weeds but not resistant corn). Corn resistant to pests has less loss, therefore higher yield. Also, since there's less insect damage, there's less chance for rot, and therefore fewer mycotoxins, (mycotoxins = toxins that come from fungus). It also hasn't been sprayed with as many pesticides as a non-resistant variety would be, so there's less actual poison on the corn. Corn with no competition from weeds has higher yield, and glyphosate makes it really easy to kill everything else in the field. More corn = more food =…
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better health. Let's pick this apart a bit! Ignoring the lobbyist domain, since the study also appears in Nature[1], there are some sneaky twists here: > GMO corn crops had lower percentages of mycotoxins (-28.8 percent), fumonisins (-30.6 percent) and thricotecens (−36.5 percent), all of which can lead to economic losses and harm human and animal health Fumonisins are a class of mycotoxins, so that 30.6% reduction is already included in the 28.8% reduction of mycotoxins. The word "Thricotecens" only appears in Google as part of this study, and isn't in my computer's dictionary. Is there a scientist that can explain what it is? Is it another sub-group of mycotoxins? Is it a good idea to be consuming corn that grew up with glyphosate[2] in the fields? It seems pretty poisonous, and I didn't see anything about balancing the benefits of more corn vs. less glyphosate. We can also talk about if having more corn in our diet is really a good idea if we want, (spoiler: generally no, especially if you live in North America). [1]https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21284-2 [2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyphosate
NoGravitas
Neutral mention · rule
So, I started looking into this, just based on the very shady domain name of the place it was published. The [original Italian study][0] that the article is promoting is probably worth paying attention to. It was published in Scientific Reports, Nature's open-access mega-journal. Their peer review is generally considered solid, though they do also offer a fast-track for a fee. The Genetic Literacy Project, though, is a fully-industry-funded public relations mill, as discussed in [this Chicago Tribune article][1] In this thread, jacquesm provides a link to [a Mother Jones article about the industry connections of the sites' founder][2]. Another contributor to the site [had…
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his emails with Monsanto execs FOIA'ed][3]. If we take HN seriously as a news site, it might have been more appropriate to link to the scientific paper than a PR site, especially given that the paper is not paywalled. [0]: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-21284-2 [1]: http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-wp-blm-monsanto-0c061... [2]: https://www.motherjones.com/food/2012/02/atrazine-syngengta-... [3]: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2303691-kevin-folta-...

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